Medical Research and Health Care on Cruise Ships


This page provides a bibliography (chronological within topics) to published material relating to health and medical care on cruise ships.



Topical Headings
--------
Infections Disease (General)  *  Escherichia coli (E. coli)  *  Legionellosis  *  
Norwalk-like and Gastrointestinal Viruses  *  Heath Care and Health Care Issues(General)  *  Rubella  *  Seasickness  *  Vessel Inspections  *  Mental Health Issues  *  Miscellaneous



Infectious Disease (General):


Uveki TM.  "Large summertime influenza A outbreak among tourists in Alaska and the Yukon Territory," Clinical Infectious Disease, May 1 2003, 36(9):1095-1102.

Cramer EH, Gu DX, Durbin RE.  "Diarrheal disease on cruise ships: 1990-2000: the impact of environmental health programs," American Journal of Preventative Medicine, Apr 2003, 24(3):227-33.

Bortherton JM et al.  "A large outbreak of influenza A and B on cruise ship causing widespreqad morbidity," Epidemiology and Infection, Apr 2003, 130(2):263-71.

Ruben, FL, Ehreth J.  "Maritime health: a case for preventing influenza on the high seas," International Maritime Health, 2002, 53(1-4):36-42.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Influenza B virus outbreak in a cruise ship--Northern Europe, 2000," Journal of the American Medical Association, Apr 11 2001, 285(14) p1833-4.

"Influenza B virus outbreak on a cruise ship--Northern Europe, 2000," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Mar 2 2001, 50(8) p137-40.  Also JAMA, Apr 11 2001, 285(14):1833-4.

Pugh RE, Selvey L, Crome M, et al.  "Onshore catering increases the risk of diarrhoeal illness amongst cruise ship passengers,"
Communicable Diseases Intellence, Jan 2001, 25(1):15-7.

Miller JM, Tam TW, Maloney S, et al.  "Cruise ships: high-risk passengers and the global spread of new influenza viruses,"
Clinical Infectious Disease, Aug 2000, 31(2):433-8.

Ferson M, Paraskevopoulos P, Hatzi S, et al.  "Presumptive summer influenza A: an outbreak on a trans-Tasman cruise,"
Communicable Diseases Intelligence, Mar 16 2000, 24(3):45-7.

Minooee A & Rickman LS.  "Infectious diseases on cruise ships," Clinical Infectious Disease, Oct 1999, 29(4):737-43.

"Influenza in travellers to Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and on west coast cruise ships, summer of 1999," Canada Communicable Disease Report , Aug 15 1999, 25(16):137-9; discussion 139-41.


"Influenza on a cruise ship in the Mediterranean." Communicable Disease Report Weekly, Jun 11 1999, 9(24):209, 212.

Mintz ED, Weber JT, Guris D, et al.  "An outbreak of Brainerd diarrhea among travelers to the Galapagos Islands," Journal of
Infectious Disease, Apr 1998, 177(4):1041-5.

Miller J, Tam T, Afif C, et al.  "Influenza A outbreak on a cruise ship," Canada Communicable Disease Report, Jan 15 1998, 24(2):9-11.

Koo D, Maloney K, Tauxe R.  "Epidemiology of diarrheal disease outbreaks on cruise ships, 1986 through 1993," Journal of the American Medical Assocation, Feb 21 1996, 275(7):545-7.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Outbreak of pneumonia associated with a cruise ship, 1994," Journal of the Americam Medical Association , Aug 10 1994, 272(6):425.

"Outbreak of pneumonia associated with a cruise ship, 1994," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Jul 22 1994, 43(28):521.

Addiss DG, Yashuk JC, Clapp DE, et al.  "Outbreaks of diarrhoeal illness on passenger cruise ships, 1975-85,"  Epidemiology and Infection, Aug 1989, 103(1):63-72.

"Leads from the MMWR. Acute respiratory illness among cruise-ship passengers--Asia," Journal of the American Medical Association, Mar 4 1988, 259(9):1305-6.  

"Acute respiratory illness among cruise-ship passengers--Asia," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Feb 5 1988, 37(4):63-6.

Waterman SH, Demarcus TA, Wells JG, et al.  "Staphylococcal food poisoning on a cruise ship," Epidemiology and Infection, Oct 1987, 99(2):349-53.

O'Mahony M, Noah ND, Evans B, et al.  "An outbreak of gastroenteritis on a passenger cruise ship," Journal of Hygiene, Oct 1986, 97(2):229-36.

"Leads from the MMWR. Gastroenteritis on two Caribbean cruise ships,"   Journal of the American Medical Association, Jul 25 1986, 256(4):447-8.

"Gastroenteritis outbreaks on two Caribbean cruise ships," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Jun 13 1986, 35(23):383-4.

Berkelman RL, Cohen ML, Yashuk J, et al.  "Traveler's diarrhea at sea: two multi-pathogen outbreaks caused by food eaten on shore visits," American Journal of Public Health, Jul 1983, 73(7):770-2.

"Leads from the MMWR. Staphylococcal food poisoning on a cruise ship,"  Journal of the American Medical Association, Jul 1 1983, 250(1):26.

"Staphylococcal food poisoning on a cruise ship," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Jun 10 1983, 32(22):294-5.

Dannenberg AL, Yashuk JC, Feldman RA. "Gastrointestinal illness on passenger cruise ships, 1975-1978," American Journal of Public Health , 1982, 72:484-8.

Werner SB, Hudgins MP, Morrison FR, et al.  "Gastroenteritis on a cruise ship--a recurring problem," Public Health Report,  Sep-Oct 1976, 91(5):433-6.

Merson MH, Hughes JM, Wood BT, et al.  "Gastrointestinal illness on passenger cruise ships," Journal of the American Medical Association, Feb 17 1975, 231(7):723-7.


Escherichia coli (E. coli):

Daniels NA, Neimann J, Karpati A, et al.  "Traveler's diarrhea at sea: three outbreaks of waterborne enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli on cruise ships," Journal of Infectious Disease, Apr 2000, 181(4):1491-5.

Snyder JD, Wells JG, Yashuk J, et al.  "Outbreak of invasive Escherichia coli gastroenteritis on a cruise ship," American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Mar 1984, 33(2):281-4.

Lumish RM et al.  "Heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli induced diarrhea aboard a Miami-based cruise ship," American Journal of Epidemiology, Apr 1980, 111(4):432-6.

Hobbs BC, Rowe B, Kendall M, et al.  "Escherichia coli O 27 in adult diarrhoea," Journal of Hygiene, Dec 1976, 77(3):393-400.


Legionellosis:

Kobayashi, A et al.  "Severe Legionalla pneumophila pneumonia associated with the public bath on a cruise ship in Japan," Journal of Anesthesiology, 2004, 18(2):129-31.

Regan, CM et al.  "Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease on a cruise ship: lessons for international surveillance and control, " Communicable Disease and Public Health, Jun 2003, 6(2):152-6.

Castellani Pastoris M, Lo Monaco R, Goldoni P, et al.  "Legionnaires' disease on a cruise ship linked to the water supply system: clinical and public health implications," Clinical Infectious Disease, Jan 1999, 28(1):33-8.

Rowbotham TJ.  "Legionellosis associated with ships: 1977 to 1997," Communicable Disease and Public Health, Sep 1998, 1(3):146-51.

"Legionella on board a cruise ship," Communicable Disease Report Weekly , Jul 3 1998, 8(27):237.

Jernigan DB, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, et al.  "Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease among cruise ship passengers exposed to a contaminated whirlpool spa," Lancet, Feb 24 1996, 347(9000):494-9.

"Congressional testimony of Dr. Richard Jackson on disease outbreaks on cruise ships," House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Subcommittee on Merchant Marine and Coast Guard and Navigation, September 28, 1994.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Update: outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease associated with a cruise ship, 1994,"
Journal of the American Medical Association, Sep 28 1994, 272(12):915.

"DBMD Investigates Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak on Cruise Ship," CDC/NCID Focus, September 1994, 4(9):1, 10.

"Update: outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with a cruise ship, 1994,"  Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , Aug 12 1994, 43(31):574-5.

Berntsson E, Hogevik H, Lidin-Janson G, et al.  "Infections among cruise passengers (a Legionella-like organism?)," Infection, Mar-Apr 1986, 14(2):93


Norwalk-like and Gastrointestinal Viruses:

Isakbaeva, ET et al.  "Norovirus transmission on cruise ship," Emerging Infectious Disease, Jan 2005, 11(1): 154-58.

Farkas, T et al.  Genetic diversity among sapoviruses," Archives of Virology, Jul 2004, 149(7):1309-23.

Dahl, E  "Dealing with gastrointestinal illness on a cruise ship," International Maritime Health, 2004, 55(1-4) 19-29.

Gallimore, CI, Richards AF, Gray JJ.  "Molecular diversity of noroviruses associated with outbreaks on cruise ships: comparison with strains circulating within the UK," Communicable Disease and Public Health, Dec 2003, 6(4):285-93.

Flemmer, M, Oldfield EC.  "The agony and the ecstasy," American Journal of Gastroenterology, Sep 2003, 98(9):2098-9.

McEvoy M, Blake W, Brown D, et al.  "An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis on a cruise ship,"  Communicable Disease Report Review, Dec 6 1996, 6(13):R188-92.

Herwaldt BL, Lew JF, Moe CL, et al.  "Characterization of a variant strain of Norwalk virus from a food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis on a cruise ship in Hawaii," Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Apr 1994, 32(4):861-6.

Khan AS, Moe CL, Glass RI, et al.  "Norwalk virus-associated gastroenteritis traced to ice consumption aboard a cruise ship in Hawaii: comparison and application of molecular method-based assays," Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Feb 1994, 32(2):318-22.  

Ho MS, Glass RI, Monroe SS, et al.  "Viral gastroenteritis aboard a cruise ship," Lancet, Oct 21 1989, 2(8669):961-5.


Gunn RA, Terranova WA, Greenberg HB, Yashuk J, Gary GW, Wells JG, Taylor PR, Feldman RA. Norwalk virus gastroenteritis aboard a cruise ship: an outbreak of five consecutive cruises," American Journal of Epidemiology, 1980;1122:820-7.


Shigellosis:


Gikas A, Pediaditis J, Giti Z, et al.  "Shigellosis on an Italian cruise ship," Lancet, Dec 7 1996, 348(9041):1593-4.

Crockett, CS et al.  "Prevalence of shigellosis in the US: consistency with dose response information, " International Journal of Food Microbiology, Jun 1996, 30(1-2):87-99.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Outbreak of Shigella flexneri 2a infections on a cruise ship,"
Journal of the American Medical Association, Nov 9 1994, 272(18):1404.

"Outbreak of Shigella flexneri 2a infections on a cruise ship," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Sep 9 1994, 43(35):657.

Lew JF, Swerdlow DL, Dance ME, et al.  "An outbreak of shigellosis aboard a cruise ship caused by a multiple-antibiotic-resistant strain of Shigella flexneri," American Journal of Epidemiology, Aug 15 1991, 134(4):413-20.

Merson MH, Tenney JH, Meyers JD, et al.  "Shigellosis at sea: an outbreak aboard a passenger cruise ship," American Journal of Epidemiology, Feb 1975, 101(2):165-75.


Heath Care and Health Care Issues(General):

Ferson, MJ and Ressler, KA.  "Bound for Sydney town: health surveillance on international cruise vessels visiting the Port of Sydney," Medical Journal of Australia, Apr 18 2005, 18:182(8):391-4.

Diskin, AL.  "Cruise ship medicine -- 2004," Annals of Emergency Medicine, Apr 2005, 45(4):460-461.

Jorm, LR et al.  "Watching the Games: public health surveillance for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Feb 2003, 57(2):102-8.

Tan SY.  "Reflections on the medical profession during an Alaskan cruise," Singapore Medical Journal, Feb 2002, 43(2):57-9.

Prina LD, Orzai UN, Weber RE.  "Evaluation of emergency air evacuation of critically ill patients from cruise ships,"
Journal of Travel Medicine, Nov-Dec 2001, 8(6):285-92.

Dahl E.  "Cruise medicine: call for an international standard," International Maritime Health, 2001, 52(1-4):24-6.

Dahl E.  "Passenger mortalities aboard cruise ships," International Maritime Health, 2001, 52(1-4) p19-23.

"Cruise safety. Keep health needs in mind," Mayo Clinic Health Letter, Jan 2000, 18(1):7.

Dahl E.  "Anatomy of a world cruise," Journal of Travel Medicine, Sep 1999, 6(3):168-71.

Peake DE, Gray CL, Ludwig MR, et al.  "Descriptive epidemiology of injury and illness among cruise ship passengers,"
Annals of Emergency Medicine, Jan 1999, 33(1):67-72.

Balaban D.  "Seasick? Help is on the way. A new telemedicine system uses a satellite to link a cruise ship's physicians with specialists in California," Health Data Management, Oct 1998, 6(10):94, 96, 98.

"Health care guidelines for cruise ship medical facilities. American College of Emergency Physicians."  Annals of Emergency Medicine, Apr 1998, 31(4):535.

Feuer BS.  "Cruise ship medical facilities: caveat emptor," Journal of the Florida Medical Association, Oct 1997, 84(7):461-2.

Costello J.  "Interview with a cruise ship nurse. Interview by Diane Wrobleski," Journal of Emergency Nursing, Dec 1996, 22(6):546-8.

Gallagher JM, Hull AH.  "Cruise ship accommodations for passengers with physical limitations due to disability or age,"
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, Sep 1996, 50(8):685-7.

Glover SM. "Cruise ship nursing," Nursing Spectator, Jul 15 1996, 6(15):16.

"Guidelines of care for cruise ship medical facilities. American College of Emergency Physicians," Annals of Emergency Medicine, Jun 1996, 27(6):846.

Draper WC.  "Cruise ship medicine," Annals of Emergency Medicine, Dec 1995, 26(6):761-2.

Di Giovanna T, Rosen T, Forsett R, et al.  "Shipboard medicine: a new niche for emergency medicine," Annals of Emergency Medicine, Dec 1992, 21(12):1476-9.

Fitzgerald RH.  "Medical facilities and needs aboard a cruise ship: points to ponder before an ocean cruise," Southern Medical Journal, Nov 1986, 79(11):1413-5.

Wlazelek A.  "Entrepreunerial R.N. innovates first-ever cruise for lung patients," Revolution, Summer 1996, 6(2):56-8.

Shapiro WB, Porush JG.  "Shipboard dialysis," Journal of Dialysis, 1977, 1(8):825-9.


Rubella:

Hoey J.  "Rubella outbreaks on cruise ships,"  Canadian Medical Association Journal, Feb 24 1998, 158(4):516-7.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  "Rubella among crew members of commercial cruise ships--Florida, 1997,"
Journal of the American Medical Association, Feb 4 1998, 279(5):348, 350.

Rubella among crew members of commercial cruise ships--Florida, 1997.  Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Jan 9 1998, 46(52-53):1247-50.


Seasickness:

Gahlinger PM.  "Cabin location and the likelihood of motion sickness in cruise ship passengers," Journal of Travel Medicine, May-Jun 2000, 7(3):120-4.


Vessel Inspections:


Banwell K, Butler T, Ferson M, et al.  "Introducing a New South Wales Vessel Inspection Program for cruise ships," New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, Aug 2000, 11(8):148-150.

Waples P, Thackway S, Banwell K, et al.  "Health surveillance on cruise ships during the Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games," New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, Aug 2000, 11(8):150-151.

Craft, C.  "Vessel Sanitation Program seeks to prevent outbreaks of disease aboard cruise ships in the United States," Dateline: CDC, Sept/Oct 1994, 27(9):3.

Craft, C.  "CDC investigates outbreaks of disease aboard cruise ships," Dateline: CDC,
Sept/Oct 1994, 27(9):5-7.

"Program Summary -- 1992.  Vessel Sanitation Program," 1992 Program Summary, Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control, 1993, 77-9.

"Vessel Sanitation Scores," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,  Feb 26, 1988, 37(7):114-7.

Korcok M.  "Sick at sea: outbreaks prompt reinstatement of cruise ship inspections," Canadian Medical Association Journal, Jun 15 1987, 136(12):1298-300.

Marcus LC.  "The inspection of international cruise ships," Journal of the American Medical Association, Oct 10 1986, 256(14):1895.


Mental Health Issues:  

Joseph S, Yule W, & Williams R.  "Emotional processing in survivors of the Jupiter cruise ship disaster," Behavioural Research and Therapy, Feb 1995, 33(2):187-92.

Joseph S, Andrews B, Williams R, et al.  "Crisis support and psychiatric symptomatology in adult survivors of the Jupiter cruise ship disaster," British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Feb 1992, 31( Pt 1):63-73.

Yule W.  "Post-traumatic stress disorder in child survivors of shipping disasters: the sinking of the 'Jupiter'," Psychother Psychosom (Switzerland), 1992, 57(4):200-5.

Yule W, Udwin O, Murdoch K.  "The 'Jupiter' sinking: effects on children's fears, depression and anxiety," Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , Nov 1990, 31(7):1051-61.


Miscellaneous:

Tekin, A et al.  "A burn mass casualty even due to boiler room explosion on a cruise ship: preparedness and outcomes," American Surgeon, Mar 2005, 71(3):210-15.

Lindquist, LA, Golub, RM.  "Cruise ship care: a proposed alternative to assisted living facilities," Journal of the American Geriatric Society, Nov 2004,  52 (11):1951-4.

Cawdery, M, Burg, MD, "Emergency medicine career paths less traveled: cruise ship medicine, Indian health, and critical care medicine," Annals of Emergency Medicine, Jul 2004, 44(1):79 -83.

Schlagenhauf, P et al.  "Focus on cruise ship travel," Journal of Travel Medicine, May-June 2004, 11(3):191-3.

Dahl, E  "Social status versus formal rank of medical and other officers -- an informal survey among passengers and seafarers on cruise ships," International Maritime Health, 2004, 55(1-4):165-75.

Brewer PA, Barry M.  "Survey of web-based health care information for prospective cruise line passengers," Journal of Travel Medicine, Jul-Aug 2002, 9(4):194-7.

Market, JM.  "Invest yourself. Adventures in nursing aboard a cruise ship," Nursing Forum, Apr-Jun 2002, 37(2):33-6.

Foley, SM, Marrone J, Simon M.  "Cruise ships and kayaks: welfare and rehabilitation approaches for women with disabilities in poverty," Bahavioural Science and Law, 2002, 20(6):659-80.

Au WW, Green M.  "Acoustic interaction of humpback whales and whale-watching boats,"
Marine Environment Research, Jun 2000, 49(5):469-81.

"Entertainer wins settlement for denial of job on cruise ship," AIDS Policy Law, Jan 24 1997, 12(1):1, 14-5.

McElvaine MD, McDowell RM, Fite RW, et al.  "An assessment of the risk of foreign animal disease introduction into the United States of America through garbage from Alaskan cruise ships, Review of Science and Technology, Dec 1993, 12(4):1165-74.

Riddick FA, Jordan JD.  "Cruise ship anisocoria," Annals of Internal Medicine, Jul 1 1992, 117(1):95.

Lukavskiij MI, Vasilevskiij AI, Sinitsyn VS.  "Experience in organizing a rest during the cruise for the ship's crew on a hospital ship" Voen Med Zh (USSR), Nov 1988, (11):45-6.

Drew CP.  "Cruise ship dentistry," CAL, Sep 1985, 49(3):14, 18-9.

Vorob'ev AA.  "Hygienic substantiation of the comfort conditions for the microclimate of shipboard premises taking into account the acclimatization changes in sailors on a cruise," Gig Sanit (USSR), Jun 1976, (6):24-8.

Dahl E.  "Venereal diseases among seamen. Venereal diseases among Norwegian and foreign staff on a Norwegian cruise ship in the Carribbean during 2 and one-half years of sailing," Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen(Norway), Dec 10 1974, 94(34-36):2372-4.

Jordan H, Kleinsorge H.  "Maritime climate therapy. Specified therapeutic indication and organization of the cruise," Allerg Asthmaforsch (Germany, East), 1969, 6:25-7.